By Marjorie Grene
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Additional resources for The Knower and the Known
Sample text
It should not be built into the debate about what distinguishes universals from particulars that there could not be particularized properties. Tropes can play any of the roles that are legitimately played by properties. 12 MacBride argues that it is not clear that “the constituents of a fact require the assistance of any relation or tie (asymmetric or otherwise) to be bound together. It may be that the constituents of a fact are connected immediately” (2005: 598). D I S T I N G U I S H I N G PA RT I C U L A R S F RO M U N I V E R S A L S 25 2.
On the other hand, if we drop the claim that distinct universals must have distinct causal/nomic roles, we will be back with some of the objections already mentioned. (1) Consider pairs of distinct simple universals of the same -adicity: U and U’ of n-adicity, U’’ and U’’’ of n+1-adicity, and so on. Suppose that universals within a pair share the same causal/nomic role. Now consider two objects a and b such that a is U and b is U’ and a is U’’ and b is U’’’, and so on. a and b share no universals, but are duplicates.
There are true sentences involving collective predicates, such as “forming a circle,” that seem to be made true by states of affairs with multigrade universals as constituents (2005: 571–2). ” Perhaps all universals, then, can serve as arguments in higher-order universals of varying numbers of constituents, making all universals multigrade. For possible defenses against these objections, see (2005). 7 Strictly speaking, as a referee points out, all that needs to be shown is that some properties are tropes even if there are also universals.