By Indra K. Asil
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With it, both inter and intraspecific heterogeneity were lost as effective mechanisms for controlling diseases in small grains. A new dimension was added to breeding plants for resistance to pests, however, when Stakman and his colleagues (Stakman and Piemeisel, 1917; Stakeman and Levine, 1922) demonstrated that the stem rust pathogen of wheat was composed of biotypes (races) that were distinguishable by host-pathogen interactions. The use of homogeneous resistance, most often conditioned by a single allele, in varieties of wheat, barley (Eovdeum vulgare), or oats grown across the whole midwestern USA caused intense selection pressure, which led to rapid evolution of the rust pathogen population from a race avirulent on the resistance gene to a virulent one.
1964). P%ec recurrent parent; Pjjon = donor parent; R = resistant; r = susceptible. 3. Multiline Breeding 47 2. Adult-plant reactions of isolines to races of the crown-rust pathogen. Isolines evaluated for adult-plant reaction in single-race crown-rust nurseries in the field are rated as resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), or susceptible (S). 3. Trends in race composition of crown-rust population. Collections of crown-rust pustules are made each year in the USA and Canada, and these are analyzed to establish the race structure of the natural crown-rust population.
The first introductions of Kafir and Milo from Africa were tall, late, tropical, or semi-tropical cultivars. As long as sorghum was harvested by hand and grown in the southern part of the USA these traits did not preclude the use of the intro duced cultivars. However, with the introduction of the grain combine in the 1930 fs, growing of sorghum expanded to areas with shorter growing seasons where early and short cultivars were needed. About this time, Quinby and Karper (1945), from studies on the inheritance of duration of growth in sorghum, demonstrated that duration of growth in Milo was controlled by genes at four independently inherited loci, ΜΑ, MA2, MA3, and MA4.