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127] The report goes on to explain: So far as one that I will can see, the following explanation comport with these facts. is the only The horse must have learned, in the course of the long period of problem-solving, the slight to attend ever more closely, while tapping, to in bodily posture changes sciously and with which the master uncon- accompanied the steps in his own to use these as closing signals. thought-processes, The motive for this was the regular reward in attended it. This which the form of carrots and bread, unexpected kind of independent activity and the certainty and precision of the perception of minimal movements thus direction and straining of attention attained, are astounding in the highest degree.

The superstitious rat Superstition tion through gain is usually considered a purely which we hope some control to establish human some order afflic- in, and over, the capricious uncertainty of the world around us. But it can fairly easily be produced in animals, such as the laboratory rat (as well as in pigeons [115, 165]). A rat is released from its cage into an area about three feet long with a food tray on the far side. Ten seconds after the rat's arrival, food is dropped into the gets to the tray less than ten seconds after its tray.

In Central America this dilemma led to a very pragmatic solution: Se ohedece pew no se cumple (One obeys but does not comply). Thanks to this recipe, the Central American possessions flourished, not because but in spite of the imperial orders from the Escorial. Two centuries was awarded official recognition under the reign of Empress Maria Theresa through the establishment of the Order of Maria Theresa. It remained Austria's highest military decoration until the end of World War I (and in the face of all logic, Hungary's even well into World War II).