By Michael Toolan
An activity-based advent to stylistics, this textbook explains many of the themes in literary linguistics and is helping scholars in analysing written texts. how are you going to inform strong writing - the superb, the bright and the inventive - from undesirable writing - the susceptible, the banal and the complicated? by means of the procedure and the craft of writing, Language in Literature examines the ways that language is organised to create specific meanings or results. masking various themes - naming styles, modality and assessment, the constitution of straightforward narratives, the recording of personality speech and proposal, the dynamics of discussion, presuppositions and textual revision - the booklet offers the structuring rules in the English language. actions and end-of-chapter commentaries motivate a 'learning through doing' technique and equips the reader with the most linguistic phrases priceless for the research of literary and non-literary texts.
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Additional info for Language in literature : an introduction to stylistics
Example text
Those of you who have done an introductory course in linguistics should see by now that there is some overlap between what linguists call anaphora (the use of pronouns and other pro-forms in sentences, such as do and so) and cohesion. But cohesion is broader than anaphora (in that it includes intersentential conjunction and lexical cohesion, besides reference and ellipsis); and it is more restricted (in not attending to intrasentential anaphora). ' The short answer is 'Certainly not', since a you or a she pronoun may not in fact link back to a previous textual naming: it may 'link' directly (and not indirectly, via adjacent text) to some postulated person assumed to exist in the situation in which the text is embedded.
ACTIVITY 3 Label the kinds of cohesion between sentences in the following poem by Craig Raine. For example, if you came across the phrase 'such shoes' following the sentence 'Many students wear Birkenstocks' you would label it as 'Reference, comparative'. The locations of cohesive items are marked here for you by underlinings and gaps; the poem has been slightly amended. A Martian Sends a Postcard Home Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings. Some _ _ are treasured for their markings. They cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain.
She had expected it to rain. - we saw that the She in sentence 2 is made sense of by seeing it as tied to the same person that is named and identified as Mary. By contrast, consider the following mlm-passage: She was surprised that the day had stayed fine. She had expected it to rain. In fact everyone warned her that it frequently rained here. How can we interpret the She of sentence 1 here; to whom does it refer? , no full noun phrase (The young woman staying at the Four Seasons, or Ms Maloney) to which we can relate it.