By Theo Farrell, Terry Terriff
In various conditions, army organisations world wide are present process significant restructuring. This e-book explores why, and the way, militaries swap. The authors specialize in a fancy of 3 influencing elements - cultural norms, politics and new know-how - providing a ancient point of view of greater than a century. Their analyses variety from constructing states to Russia, Britain, the U.S. and NATO. all through, they exhibit the manifold interactions among country and army, and likewise inside either, as fundamental using forces of swap.
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Additional info for The Sources of Military Change: Culture, Politics, Technology (Making Sense of Global Security)
Example text
Neoinstitutionalists expect no direct relationship between military practices adopted and strategic necessity because emulation can result from normative pressures for legitimacy within a particular social system, and from socialization pressures that operate within a particular profession. , external threat, ambition, defeat in war) Varies with strategic necessity and threat Competition; socialization Efficiency; legitimacy and identity Efficiency and success (“rational shopper”) Varies with desire for legitimacy in source’s social system and with extent of interaction/access to source Accessibility, familiarity, and prestige WESTERN MILITARY MODELS IN OTTOMAN TURKEY AND MEIJI JAPAN 45 Accordingly, models perceived as highly legitimate and prestigious, as well as models that are familiar by means of the spread of knowledge through professional networks, will be selected for emulation.
Indeed, the latter may be left to the professional military, provided the desired control culture and value system are in place. 24 INTRODUCTION In 1782 the third Duke of Richmond, master general of the British Ordnance, wrote to Major-General Charles Grey about how to repel a possible French attack on Plymouth. He noted: I am sure you can have no idea of the many real difficulties that exist and prevent one’s doing business with that dispatch that could be wished. 5 Richmond therein captured the central feature of British military organization.
Neorealists attribute emulation to competition, strategic necessity, and external threats. The Ottomans faced numerous enemies and frequent defeat by superior Western militaries. The threat to Japan from the West was largely from the sea and, while hardly negligible, more remote. Neoinstitutionalists focus on how socialization and the desire for legitimacy motivate emulation. The Ottomans had no desire to emulate Western “infidel” ways, while the Japanese strongly desired to raise their status in an international society governed by Western norms and practices.