By Simm R., Bacon M.
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Extra info for Seismic Amplitude: An Interpreter's Handbook
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5). In a walkabove acquisition, the surface source is positioned vertically above the geophone at a series of levels in the deviated borehole. This makes acquisition more time-consuming and costly, as the source has to be moved to an accurately determined location for each level. However, the benefit is that the raypaths are constrained to be nearly vertical. An image is produced of the subsurface directly below the borehole, which can be compared with the surface seismic along the well trajectory.
G. , 1998). The Backus average (Backus, 1962) is an appropriate way to describe average P and S wave velocities through finely layered media. Essentially this method averages moduli rather than velocity. 1 The well tie process. average Vp and Vs can be determined from the harmonic averages of the P wave modulus (Μ) and the shear modulus (μ) as follows. (1) Determine the M modulus and shear modulus from P wave velocity, S wave velocity and density (Vp, Vs and ρ) using μ ¼ V s 2 ρ and M ¼ V p 2 ρ.
The seismic velocity varies with frequency), and thus changes to the phase spectrum depend on distance travelled. 8 Example of change in wavelet shape with depth. e. wavelengths) at a higher lnðf 2 =f 1 Þ , πQ ð3:2Þ where c1 is the velocity at frequency f1 and c2 is the velocity at frequency f2 (O’Brien and Lucas, 1971). An example of a modelled effect of Q on wavelet phase is shown in Fig. 9. Essentially low values of Q will give greater phase rotation for a given sediment thickness than higher values of Q.