By Fiona MacArthur, José Luis Oncins-Martínez, Manuel Sánchez-García, Ana María Piquer-Píriz
Metaphor is an interesting phenomenon, however it can be advanced and multi-faceted, various in the way it is manifested in numerous modes of expression, languages, cultures, or time-scales. How then will we reliably establish metaphors in several contexts? How does the language or tradition of audio system and hearers have an effect on the way in which metaphors are produced or interpreted? Are the equipment hired to discover metaphors in a single context acceptable in others? The 16 chapters that make up this quantity provide not just targeted reports of the positioned use of metaphor in language, gesture, and visuals around the globe – supplying vital insights into the various components that produce edition – but additionally cautious explication and dialogue of the methodological matters that come up whilst researchers technique metaphor in various ‘real global’ contexts. The booklet constitutes an enormous contribution to utilized metaphor experiences, and may end up a useful source for the amateur and skilled metaphor researcher alike.
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Additional info for Metaphor in Use: Context, culture, and communication
Example text
These databases were compiled from hand-coded concordances (the “training data”), where each node word was judged as metaphorical or not based on principles similar to those proposed in MIP (Pragglejaz Group 2007). Each database holds specific information about single words, 3-word bundles preceding and following each word, the immediate collocates to the left and right of the word (called ‘framework’), and the part of speech assigned to that word by a tagger (Tree-Tagger). The output of the programme is an ordered list of candidate words, sorted by its probability of metaphorical use.
To illustrate, Table 1 shows the figures for text portion 1. Table 2 shows, for each size sample, the average recall, recall increase and the ratio of recall to sample size (as a percentage). 0 metaphors will have been retrieved with less reading input. On the other hand, if the ratio is low (the minimum is 1), then more effort will have been spent by going through a large reading sample to find metaphors. These figures show that recall increases as more texts are added to the reading sample, but the increase is not steady: the effect of adding more texts to a smaller sample is more striking than adding to a larger sample.
The practical advice drawn from these results would then be that researchers should strive to read all of the texts in their corpus, but if that is not possible (as is often the case with electronic corpora), then they should read at least about 30% of them. 4. Concordancing: Search term choice Techniques such as the previous one generally presuppose researchers will depend on a concordancer in order to search for the candidates noted during reading. But there are different kinds of search terms that can be used, such as single words, multiple word sequences, and word plus a collocate, to mention a few.