Forest Fire! (Nature's Fury - Britannica Digital Learning) by Anita Ganeri

By Anita Ganeri

Age diversity: nine - 12 Years.

Table of Contents

What Is a wooded area fireplace? 4
What Is a fireplace? 6
How woodland Fires begin 8
Human-made wooded area Fires 10
How woodland Fires unfold 12
Types of wooded area hearth 14
Fire and the panorama 16
Forest restoration 18
Forest Fires and folks 20
Fighting wooded area Fires 22
Firefighting apparatus 24
Fire Warnings and safety 26
Preventing woodland Fires 28
Ten of the Deadliest wooded area Fires 30
Glossary 30
Further details 31
Index 32

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Additional resources for Forest Fire! (Nature's Fury - Britannica Digital Learning)

Example text

Since the total entropy change is negative, DStot ¼ DSconf þ DSsovlent < 0, there is a transition temperature T m ¼ DHbond =DStot beyond which the free enthalpy change DG becomes positive. Hence, the coiled configuration is the favored equilibrium structure above this critical temperature. The driving force for the formation of the helical structure can be expressed by a parameter a  ðDHbond À TDStot Þ=ðÀ2kB TÞ. Positive a means that the formation of the a-helix is thermodynamically favored. Its growth by one unit leads to a decrease of the free enthalpy by DG ¼ À2akB T.

6. In comparison to these values, common polymers such as polyethylene can be described with persistence lengths of less than 1 nm. Therefore, the stiffer biopolymers such as DNA or fibrous proteins of the cytoskeleton are also called semiflexible polymers. The high persistence length of these biopolymers is one essential advantage for their application as building blocks for manufacturing microscopic machine systems or as templates for electronic circuitries. The bend persistence length provides also a measure for Young’s modulus E of the polymer chain.

24). Also in this case, weak hydrogen bonds (between the complementary bases) are responsible for the helix stability. The helix is the stable phase at low temperature. When DNA melts, the hydrogen bonds between the bases break. At the same time, the disruption of the base stacks is connected with loss of favorable van der Waals attraction and dipole–dipole interactions. The gain of energy due to reduced Coulomb interaction of the negatively charged backbones is smaller than the energy increase of the above-mentioned interactions.

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