By Norma Milligan Metheny PhD RN FAAN
Revised and up to the moment, this re-creation presents in-depth dialogue of fluid and electrolyte stability and imbalance. Progressing from basic suggestions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of fluid and electrolyte stability via insurance of significant scientific difficulties, this article deals every little thing the coed wishes. New positive factors and knowledge organize scholars for demanding situations they could face in modern nursing atmosphere. This variation bargains thrice the volume of illustrations from prior versions, and contains a wealth of well-organized tables which aid strengthen the fabric supplied in every one chapter.
A Brandon-Hill advised Title.
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Extra info for Fluid and electrolyte balance : nursing considerations
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Failure to measure fluids that can be directly measured because it takes less time to guess at their amounts Measure all fluids amenable to direct measurement— guesses should be reserved for fluids that cannot be measured directly. Errors Related to Intake Failure to designate the specific volume of glasses, cups, bowls, and other fluid containers used in the hospital. ) The I&O form should list the volumes of glasses, cups, bowls, and other fluid containers used in the hospital. Failure to obtain an adequate measuring device for small amounts of oral fluids.
Small calibrated paper cups should be kept at the bedside for such a purpose. Failure to consider the volume of fluid displaced by ice in iced drinks frequently causes an overstatement of ingested oral fluids Only small amounts of ice should be used for iced drinks so that the accurate amount of fluid ingested can be recorded. qxd 12/8/1999 5:40 AM Page 25 CHAPTER 2 Nursing Assessment 25 CLINIC AL TIP Overcoming Common Errors in Measuring Intake and Output (I&O)—cont’d COMMON ERRORS SUGGESTIONS Overstatement of fluid volume given as ice chips; note that the liquid volume of a glass of ice chips is only about half a glass Record fluid intake from ice chips as about half of the ice chips volume (eg, an ounce of ice chips is about 15 mL water).
This point emphasizes the need to test the accuracy of clinical scales routinely. 2. Measure weight in the morning before breakfast and after voiding. 3. Be sure the patient is wearing the same or similar clothing each time and that the clothing is dry. 4. If the patient is unable to stand for weighing on a small portable scale or a stand-on scale, use a slingtype scale. Wheelchair and under-bed scales are also commercially available. Body weight as an index of fluid balance is based on the assumption that the patient’s dry weight remains relatively stable.