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These can form attractive landscape features. For housing, the approximate land requirement is 1-2 m2 per resident. . or creating vortexes in plazas in front of tall buildings (from Lang, 1994) Waste not, want not Waste may be considered simply as what we have not found a use for. Look at ways of reusing resources within the site. This can range from composting organic materials through to re-using building materials and recycling rainwater. Re-use of excavated material on site avoids the costs and resource consumption of transporting off site.

Lower solar access on the ground floor can be compensated for by, say, larger windows. 2 water Creative rainwater management using spiral ponds in Luxembourg Collect, store and recycle rainwater Retaining surface water reduces the need for drainage infrastructure and energy for pumping, with their extensive capital and maintenance costs. Streams, rivers, canals, ponds and lakes can be incorporated into surface water retention systems, whilst simultaneously providing attractive visual landscape features and valuable ecological habitats.

It creates a coherent framework, which forms the basis of the design of individual developments quite possibly by different actors - in order to achieve the following: • • • • • urban design compendium Integration Connection and overlap with surrounding areas. Functional efficiency So that individual elements (buildings, streets, open space etc) work together as part of an efficient whole. Environmental harmony Creating development forms that are energy efficient and ecologically sensitive. A sense of place Creating somewhere that is recognisably distinct but simultaneously strengthens local identity.