By Wolfgang Klein, Ping Li
Time is the main basic class of human cognition and motion, and all human languages have constructed many units to precise it. those comprise verbal different types, comparable to stressful and point, but additionally adverbials, debris, and rules of discourse business enterprise. The ebook includes what are basically tutorials at the numerous notions of time, their encoding in numerous languages, at the formal semantics, the pc modelling and the purchase of temporality. additionally it is chapters at the psychological illustration and on culture-specific perspectivation of time and occasion constitution. It concludes with a entire bibliography.
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Additional info for The Expression of Time (The Expression of Cognitive Categories)
Sample text
If Eva was cheerful is true, then this does not exclude at all that she is still cheerful at TU. ), we can be quite certain that the cat is still dead at the moment of speech. So, if the time of the situation is that time at which the situation obtains or happens, then the classical definition of tense is bluntly false in very elementary sentences. When someone asserts Eva’s cat was dead, then he asserts something about some time span in the past – the time talked about, the assertion time, or the topic time, as I shall say.
In English, this is largely the case (there are a few exceptions). In most languages, however, tense and aspect are combined to a simpler inflectional system – which is mostly called “tense system”, rather than “tense-aspect system”. 3 below). 3. Aktionsart (“event types”, “lexical aspect”). 1 Thus, to sleep is used to describe a “state”, whereas to close is used to describe an “event”. The term is also used for more complex verbal expressions, such as to fall asleep, to sleep for an hour or to close three windows.
The second classical problem results from the fact that the now does not seem to have an extension; otherwise, it would consist of several moments, some of which are earlier and hence past, and hence not now. But if the now has no extension, it does not exist, and hence, there is no presence; but if there is no presence, there is neither past nor future. Moreover, it is not possible that the entire time is built up from a series of nows, because if they have no extension, time cannot have an extension, either.