By Peter J. Bowler, John V. Pickstone
- v. three. Early smooth technological know-how -- v. four. Eighteenth-century technology / edited via Roy Porter -- v. five. the fashionable actual and mathematical sciences / edited by way of Mary Jo Nye -- v. 6. the trendy organic and earth sciences / edited through Peter J. Bowler, John v. Pickstone -- v. 7. the trendy social sciences / edited by way of Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross
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Class and (often more bitter) sectarian divisions were conducive to mixing socially only with those with whom one felt comfortable. 13 The layering of the scientific community furthered the proliferation of local societies that was such a feature of the mid-nineteenth century in several European countries. Britain and France witnessed the peak of that proliferation in the 1870s,14 after which faster transportation made bodies 11 12 13 14 Neal C. Gillespie, “Preparing for Darwin: Conchology and Natural Theology in Anglo-American Natural History,” Studies in the History of Biology, 7 (1984), 93–145.
In Cambridge, research flourished in physiology and physics – alongside natural history and the peculiarly strong mathematical tradition. But not until the 1890s did “research” become central to the development of all the major universities. Oxford attained scientific eminence in the early twentieth century, often by importing established professors from the provinces. ” Like most other sciences, biomedicine was favored by a new stress on economic development as nations competed for trade and empire.
Much of late nineteenthcentury biology can be profitably studied in terms of the changing patterns of work within established areas such as morphology or physiology, and this is obviously true for medicine, where the impact of Darwinism was minimal except via eugenics. And yet, seen from another perspective, Darwinism retains its importance – as transforming or threatening common understandings of the world. Through studies of evolutionary theory or through analyzing the ways in which individuals and communities see disease or epidemics, we can investigate the interplay of technical knowledge and more general, shared cosmologies.