By David R. Murray
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Extra resources for Seeds of Concern : The Genetic Manipulation of Plants (CABI Publishing)
Example text
34 These sites of inhibition are distinct from those where Group C herbicides act. 35 How many other pesticides still in common use are also herbicides, and what hidden yield reductions have conventional farmers been putting up with? SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES Following uptake through the leaves or roots, herbicides may move from cell to cell, and then be carried in the vascular tissues of the plant. The xylem transport system consists of open capillaries, with thickened cell walls. Transport in the xylem is upwards, towards the leaves.
27 Some people consider these definitions too broad. The authors of this first definition intended to include whole chromosome transfer and cell fusion, which legislation might now seek to exclude. The second definition includes mutagenesis, which in a crude form has been regarded as one of the tools available to the conventional H O W G E N E T I C A L LY M O D I F I E D P L A N T S A R E P R O D U C E D • 39 plant breeder. 28 Terms such as ‘genetic modification’ or ‘genetic manipulation’ are not at first sight synonymous with ‘genetic engineering’, since in ordinary conversation they include standard methods of plant breeding.
45 Systemic herbicides affecting amino acid metabolism will also have an impact on seed protein composition. Grain from herbicideresistant crop plants is unlikely to match the quality of non-genetically modified standard cultivars. Deficiencies in essential amino acids T H E H A Z A R D S O F H E R B I C I D E – R E S I S TA N T P L A N T S • 51 such as tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan can be expected for glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Likewise, deficiencies in the sulfurcontaining amino acids related to glycine and serine (cysteine and methionine) can be anticipated for barley sprayed with glufosinate.