Positive and Normative Analysis in International Economics: by Murray C. Kemp, Hironobu Nakagawa, Tatsuya Uchida (eds.)

By Murray C. Kemp, Hironobu Nakagawa, Tatsuya Uchida (eds.)

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With less confidence, one may suppose that several PGAs coexist, each with its own system of Scitovsky lump-sum transfers and each choosing its own vector of local public goods. Nevertheless, it can be shown that, whatever the number of coexisting PGAs, all member countries potentially benefit from free trade. That this is so can be deduced with the aid of a generalized version of Shimomura’s proposition. In deriving that proposition, it will be assumed that the collective governments of the set of PGAs, each PGA with its own system of Scitovsky lump-sum transfers, play a Cournot–Nash game in their (newly-localized) public goods with the remaining (non-member) countries maintaining their net vectors of produced public goods at their autarchic levels.

That non-member countries potentially benefit from free trade follows immediately from Kemp and Wan (1972). Thus the two sufficient conditions, the first applied only to countries that do nott belong to a PGA and the second applied only to countries Murray C. Kemp 13 that do belong to a PGA, ensure that all countries will potentially gain from free trade. In the extreme case in which each country belongs to a PGA, the first of the conditions is not needed. In fact the Proposition developed in this section can be extended to accommodate impure (excludable or rivalrous) public goods.

DKN KN 1 Ϫ a dK K a . ϭ ϭϪ B ϭ B dLN LN a dLB LB 1 Ϫ a (7)′, (8)′ This combined with the conditions of a given endowment of L and K, both of which are assumed to be unity, yields a unique relation between LN and KN (or LB and KB). 2 shows that before trade the Nutties produce and consume more nuts than do the Bananans. It is important to note here that the workers in the Nuts Country before trade are poorer than their capitalist neighbours. Not only are the Nutty workers poorer than the Nutty capitalists, but they are also poorer than the workers in the Banana Country.

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