Read Online or Download [Magazine] Scientific American. Vol. 306. No 1 PDF
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Additional info for [Magazine] Scientific American. Vol. 306. No 1
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Rapamycin mainly affects TORC1. A less well-understood, second complex, called TORC2, also incorporates the TOR enzyme. The teams further demonstrated that TOR is a nutrient sensor. When food is abundant, its activity rises, prompting cells to increase their overall production of proteins and to divide. When food is scarce, TOR settles down, and the resulting reduction in overall protein manufacture and cell division conserves resources. At the same time, a process called autophagy amps up: cells break down defective components such as misshapen proteins and dysfunctional mitochondria (the cell’s energy powerhouses), generating by-products that can be exploited as fuel or building materials; newborn mice rely on autophagy to supply energy be- the research leading to the discovery of TOR’s influence on aging took shape when the Skoryna expedition turned over its soil samples to what was then Ayerst Laboratories in Montreal.
D. thesis at Harvard University. Now an assistant professor in astronomy at Princeton University, she investigates the evolution of galaxy structure more generally. She also teaches algebra to inmates in New Jersey prisons. A stronomers have known for some 10 years that nearly every large galaxy contains at its core an immense black hole—an object having such intense gravity that even light cannot escape. The death of stars can produce small black holes—with masses ranging from about three to 100 times the mass of the sun—but such stellar-mass black holes are tiny compared with the behemoths at the centers of galaxies, measuring millions to billions of solar masses.
Seized on discoveries about TOR to propose another theory that explains calorie restriction’s magic as a kind of accident. A native of Russia whose work has ranged widely across cancer research and cell biology, he was inspired by an unorthodox idea: the capacity for growth, which seems the very essence of youthfulness, drives us into the grave later in life. Calorie restriction prolongs life, he posits, by interfering with the untoward, late-life effects of growth pathways, TOR’s most important among them.