By Eleanor Dickey
How did Romans tackle their teenagers, their mom and dad, their slaves, and their buyers? whilst one Roman known as one other "dearest," "master," "brother," "human being," "executioner," or "soft little cheese," what did those phrases quite suggest and why? This publication brings to undergo on such questions a corpus of 15,441 addresses spanning 4 centuries, drawn from literary prose, poetry, letters, inscriptions, ostraca, and papyri and analyzed utilizing contemporary paintings in sociolinguistics. together with a word list of the five hundred commonest addresses and quick-reference tables explaining the principles of utilization, this unique and hugely readable paintings could be loved even via people with no earlier wisdom of Latin.
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Additional resources for Latin Forms of Address: From Plautus to Apuleius
Example text
All we can say at this point is that once an addressee's name was known, 5 it was apparently used in every interaction where not specifically prohibited by another address rule; names were thus the default address in the classical Latin system, as in ancient Greek and indeed in English. The principle of names as default addresses is clearly observed in classical and pre-classical Latin, and in those periods most authors seem to share a common set of rules for determining when the default system is used (allowing for stylistic differences).
In the early Republic11 a third name, the cognomen, made its appearance. Cognomina were in origin unofficial nicknames, but they rapidly became heritable along with gentilicia, although it was also possible for a new cognomen to be added during a man's lifetime. There was no limit on the number of names a Roman could have; if a man already bearing a cognomen acquired another one, it was simply appended to his existing names and formed an additional cognomen, sometimes called an agnomen. g. g. g.
The Glossary lists all the different forms in which each address has been found. Translations of vocatives are always translations of the lexical meaning, not a socially equivalent English address (which, if it exists, has in most cases a very different lexical meaning). They are intended only as a rough guide for non-classicists, and they are not provided for words and passages quoted only in footnotes. All translations are my own, but they do not differ significantly from other scholars' interpretations except where such discrepancies are noted.