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Additional resources for Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences (GSA Special Paper 424)
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2003). caneoliths may be seen as light constructions using numerous small, often rod-shaped elements that imbricate little or not at all. , decreased imbrication and, ultimately, T-shaped elements) constitute a convergence toward the caneolith fine structure (Fig. 9A and 9B). Indeed, the fine structure of the placolith of E. huxleyi (and Crenalithus species) shows greater similarity to the fine structure of caneoliths than to any of the successful Paleogene and early Neogene placolith types, and, in particular, to Coccolithus pelagicus.
7) [2f] Arrangement of cycles: concentrically arranged, spirally arranged, overlapping, etc. Coccospheres [3] Size: [3a] Amplitude of size range (= difference between the largest and smallest coccoliths at any given time) [3b] Average (mean) [3c] Mode [4] Number of coccoliths (= coccolith count) may vary considerably from a minimum of 4 to several hundreds [5] Structure of coccosphere: [5a] Monothecatism, dithecatism: coccospheres may be formed by one type or two types of coccoliths. Dithecatism occurs (as shown in Fig.
Hyalina, thus exhibiting intermediate characters. Also, H. pavimentum produces helicoliths with an almost regular (rectangular) outline, in contrast with the other three species in which the wing accentuates the typical pseudospiral structure of helicoliths. As a result, the surface area of the helicoliths of H. pavimentum is notably smaller than in other small species. , H. orientalis, H. walberdorfensis) produced small helicoliths but always with a clearly marked wing (Aubry, 1990). Coccoliths drawn to scale.