By Takeshi Kamiya, Tetsuya Miyazaki, Fumito Kubota (auth.), Masataka Nakazawa, Kazuro Kikuchi, Tetsuya Miyazaki (eds.)
The most up-to-date scorching issues of high-spectral density optical verbal exchange platforms utilizing electronic coherent optical fibre conversation applied sciences are lined via this e-book. historical past and which means of a "renaissance" of the expertise, standards to the Peta-bit/s type "new iteration community" also are lined within the first a part of this booklet. the most issues handled are digital and optical units, electronic sign processing together with ahead mistakes correction, modulation codecs in addition to transmission and alertness structures. The booklet serves as a connection with researchers and engineers.
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80) controls tap coefficients so that |y (n) |2 → 1, and ISI is suppressed in such a case. 32 shows another adaptive-equalization circuit based on the least-meansquare (LMS) algorithm [33]. The tap coefficients are updated by using the LMS algorithm as follows: c (n + 1) = c (n) + με (n) x (n)∗ . 81) In the training mode, we transmit a training signal having a fixed pattern in advance, and the error ε (n) is given as the difference between the training signal and the filter output y(n). The tap coefficients are updated until the error tends to zero.
Nakazawa Fig. 3 Spectral efficiency of M-ary QAM signal and the Shannon limit. 6 dB) Shannon limit C/W (bit/s/Hz) 256 1024 64 16 M-QAM 4 Eb/N0 (dB) The forward error correction (FEC) technique has been developed to realize a better BER performance with a lower E b /N0 . 4 shows the BER after applying FEC vs. Q in value without FEC [15]. 5), where I1 and I0 are the mean values and σ1 and σ0 are the standard deviations of the bits corresponding to 1 and 0, respectively. 5) which is known as the noisy channel coding theorem [14].
Kikuchi Fig. 27 Phase jump and its correction during the phase estimation process. 37) where f (x) is defined as ⎧ π ⎨ +1 for x < − M π f (x) = 0 for |x| ≤ M . 38) This adjustment ensures that the phase estimate follows the trajectory of the physical phase and cycle slips are avoided [30]. 4 Polarization Alignment Throughout this subsection, we regard for simplicity that the measured photocurrent is identical to the optical complex amplitude, neglecting conversion factors from the optical domain to the electrical domain.