By Hans A. Bethe, Philip Morrison
A compact remedy of the elemental concept of nuclear forces, buildings, and reactions, this article employs widely used effects from nonrelativistic quantum idea and is appropriate for complicated undergraduates and graduate scholars. Hans A. Bethe received the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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Due to the small size of the nucleus, as indicated above, the human genome has to be compacted more than 10,000-fold. This is achieved by wrapping the genomic DNA around nucleosomes, which represent the primary unit of chromatin structure. e. 1b, left), or even as higher order structures of 100 nm in diameter. In the past chromatin was mainly regarded as a structural device for packing DNA, but new insights obtained during the last decade made clear that chromatin density plays an important role in regulating gene expression, primarily by influencing the accessibility of genomic binding sites of transcription factors and their associated co-factors.
4b). After the stable binding of TFIID to the core promoter, the remaining steps of the formation of a functional pre-initiation complex and transcription initiation follow a similar mechanism than for TATA box-containing promoters. 3 Core Promoter Elements TFIIA TBP TATA 45 TFIIB BRE Inr Inr TSS TFIIA DPE TSS b TBP TLF TFIIB ? BRE TFIIB TFIIA DNA TAF4 TAFII130 TFIIA TSS c TBP SP1 TFIIB DNA a TAF2 TAFII150 TAF1 (TAFII250) CG-rich TAF2 TAFII150 TAF1 (TAFII250) TSS d Fig. 4 Different protein complexes on core promoters.
Immobilized antibodies against a particular histone modification or a transcription factor are used to immunoprecipitate the chromatin fragments possessing the specific modification or bound transcription factor. Either individual genomic loci of the precipitated DNA are detected by qPCR (regular ChIP) or all genomic fragments are subject for deep sequencing (ChIP-seq), for example, by the use of an Illumina Genome Analyzer. For the latter the chromatin fragments are ligated to a pair of adaptors and subjected to very limited amplification to generate ~ 200 ng of DNA.