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Every chapter has been updated with the latest references and research studies, and many include website addresses and resources. As with previous editions, Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice continues to present the most comprehensive information from leading cancer nursing experts. We would like to extend our gratitude to the many authors whose tireless review of the literature, and whose careful writing, revising, and updating of chapters has made this book possible. The dedication of these contributors and all involved with this seventh edition will contribute to the quality of care provided to all of our patients with cancer.

Some changes may alter cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Mechanism by which polysaccharides are made and attached to proteins is deranged in transformed cells. New or altered glycolipids Content and complexity of glycolipids are reduced in transformed cell membranes. 14 Transformed cells have less and/or altered glycosphingolipids on their cell surfaces, thus increasing their responsiveness to growth factors. 15 3/18/2010 1:04:45 AM CHAPTER 1 Variant 1 P Normal clone Carcinogen Variant 2 Biology of Cancer 7 Variant 3 T Selective growth advantage of clone with first mutation First mutation Selective growth advantage of clone with first and second mutations Second mutation Continuing evolution of variant subpopulations Third mutation FIGURE 1-1 Clonal evolution in cancer.

A nonsense point mutation occurs when a base substitution results in the generation of a stop codon, meaning that the gene product will be truncated and probably nonfunctional. Nonsense point mutations are deleterious mutations. Deletions and insertions. Deletions or insertions occur when 1 or more base pairs are removed from or added to the DNA. This process may result in a frameshift mutation. If 1 or 2 bases are deleted or added, the reading frame of the sequence is altered, usually resulting in a nonfunctional gene product.